Plumbing is more than just fixing leaks; it’s a hands-on trade that keeps homes, businesses, and entire cities functioning. Plumbers install, maintain, and repair water supply systems, gas lines, drainage networks, and heating units. And the best part: plumbing is a stable, well-paying career with growing demand in the US.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment for plumbers is expected to grow 2% from 2022 to 2032, with approximately 48,600 job openings each year. The median annual wage for plumbers is $61,550, with experienced professionals earning significantly more.
So, how do you become a plumber? This guide will walk you through the steps, from education and apprenticeships to licensing and career advancement. Whether you want to work in residential plumbing, specialize in large-scale commercial projects, or start your own business, this guide has you covered.
Step 1: Understand the Plumbing Career Path
What Do Plumbers Do?
Plumbers handle a variety of tasks beyond fixing toilets. They install and repair water supply systems, gas lines, drainage pipes, and even heating systems. Depending on their specialization, plumbers work in residential, commercial, or industrial settings:
- Residential plumbers handle homes and apartments, fixing leaks, installing water heaters, and maintaining sewer lines.
- Commercial plumbers work on large-scale projects like office buildings, schools, and hospitals, requiring expertise in complex piping networks.
- Industrial plumbers focus on pipelines in factories and water treatment plants, often requiring specialized training.
Journeyman vs. Master Plumber – Career Progression
Every plumber starts at the bottom, usually as an apprentice. Apprentices learn the ropes through hands-on training under experienced plumbers while taking classroom courses. This phase lasts 4-5 years. After 8,000 hours of supervised work and passing a journeyman licensing exam, plumbers can work independently under a contractor.
The highest level is master plumber which requires an additional 1,000 to 2,000 hours of experience plus a more rigorous licensing exam. Master plumbers can run their own businesses, manage large projects, and hire apprentices.
Pros and Cons of Becoming a Plumber
Pros:
- High job security – Plumbing is an essential service.
- Good salary – Journeymen earn around $50,000-$60,000; master plumbers exceed $100,000.
- No degree required – Enter the field without a four-year college degree.
- Hands-on work – Ideal for problem-solvers who enjoy physical tasks.
Cons:
- Physically demanding – Heavy lifting, tight spaces, and long hours.
- Time investment – It can take 4-7 years to become fully licensed.
- Emergency calls – Some plumbers work nights, weekends, or holidays for urgent repairs.
Step 2: Educational Requirements & Skills Needed
What Education Do You Need to Become a Plumber?
Plumbing follows a skill-based entry path unlike many other careers. A high school diploma or GED is the minimum requirement. Certain subjects provide a strong foundation:
- Mathematics is used for measuring pipe lengths and calculating angles and water pressure.
- Science supports you to understand heat transfer, water flow, and chemical interactions which helps in pipe installation and troubleshooting.
- Technical Education: Courses in mechanics, shop, or blueprint reading prepare students for hands-on experience.
Vocational School vs. On-the-Job Training
Some aspiring plumbers start with a vocational school or community college, while others go straight into an apprenticeship.
Vocational Schools offer structured training on plumbing systems, safety codes, and blueprint reading. Programs last 6 months to 2 years.
On-the-Job Apprenticeships are paid training under experienced plumbers. It takes 4-5 years before earning a journeyman license. It’s more affordable, but competitive without prior knowledge.
Essential Skills for Plumbers
Plumbing requires a mix of technical know-how and physical ability. Here are the top skills:
- Problem-Solving – Every plumbing issue is different. Diagnosing and fixing problems is a must.
- Manual Dexterity – Handling pipes, wrenches, and fittings precisely.
- Physical Stamina – Working in confined spaces for long hours
- Customer Service – Residential plumbers interact with homeowners daily, so good communication helps.
Step 3: Enroll in a Plumbing Training Program
Trade Schools vs. Community Colleges: Which One Is Better?
- Trade Schools: Shorter programs (6 months – 1 year) focused entirely on plumbing.
- Community Colleges: Two-year associate degrees including general education courses.
Before starting an apprenticeship, you have two common routes, trade schools and community colleges. Each has its advantages.
Trades schools offer shorter programs (6 months – 1 year) focusing entirely on plumbing skills and hands-on experience. They may have partnerships with plumbing companies for job placement.
While community colleges offer two-year associate degree programs in plumbing technology. This includes general education courses. Some states require coursework from accredited colleges for licensing.
State-Specific Plumbing Programs
Training and licensing varies by state. Some states require formal education, while others allow direct apprenticeships. Here are top programs in major states:
- Texas State Technical College – Offers a one-year plumbing certificate with hands-on training.
- California PHCC Academy – Provides apprenticeship training with classroom courses.
- Florida Technical College – Includes EPA certifications for specialized plumbing skills.
Are Online Plumbing Courses Worth It?
Online courses can’t replace hands-on training but are useful for learning plumbing codes, safety regulations, and business management. Programs like Penn Foster and Ashworth College offer self-paced study options that can supplement in-person training.
Where to Find Accredited Training Programs
For the best education, you should check accreditation through:
- National Center for Construction Education and Research (NCCER)
- Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association (PHCC)
- Local community colleges and trade schools
Step 4: Join a Plumbing Apprenticeship Program
A plumbing apprenticeship is a structured training program where aspiring plumbers gain hands-on experience while learning industry standards and safety regulations. It combines on-the-job training with classroom instruction, which ensures that trainees develop the skills necessary to install, repair, and maintain plumbing systems correctly.
Most apprenticeship programs last four to five years and are a requirement for earning a journeyman license in most states.
Finding the Right Plumbing Apprenticeship
Union and non-union are two main types of plumbing apprenticeships. Each has its advantages, and the best option depends on personal preferences and career goals.
Union apprenticeships are run by organizations like the United Association of Plumbers and Pipefitters (UA). These programs provide rigorous training, excellent wages, and strong worker protections. However, they are competitive to get into and may require passing an entrance exam. Non-union apprenticeships, on the other hand, are offered by private companies or trade associations. They provide similar training but might not come with the same level of job security and benefits.
For example, ABC (Associated Builders and Contractors) Apprenticeship is a non-union program that provides hands-on training and classroom instruction.
To find an apprenticeship, check with local plumbing unions, trade schools, and state labor departments. Websites like Apprenticeship.gov list opportunities nationwide, making it easier to apply for open positions.
Salaries During Apprenticeship
Plumbing apprentices earn a percentage of a journeyman plumber’s wage, with pay increasing as they advance through the program. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), apprentices typically start at 40-50% of a journeyman’s salary, which means they can earn between $15 to $20 per hour in their first year. By the final year of apprenticeship, wages can rise to $25 to $30 per hour, depending on the state and employer.
Step 5: Meet Licensing & Certification Requirements
Becoming a professional plumber requires a license. Every state in the U.S. has different licensing laws, but in most cases, plumbers must complete an apprenticeship, pass an exam, and meet experience requirements before they can legally work independently.
State-Specific Licensing Requirements
Check with your state’s licensing board before applying. Here’s a look at licensing requirements in some major states:
- California – Requires plumbers to complete an apprenticeship and pass a state licensing exam to become a journeyman plumber. Master plumbers must meet additional experience requirements and pass another exam.
- Texas – Plumbers start as apprentices, then work towards a tradesman license, followed by a journeyman license. Becoming a master plumber requires four years of experience as a journeyman.
- New York – Licensing is handled at the city or county level rather than statewide. Cities like New York City and Buffalo require plumbers to pass an exam and meet experience requirements.
- Florida – Plumbers must pass the Florida Construction Industry Licensing Board exam and have at least four years of experience.
Find your state’s specific requirements at the NASCLA website.
Steps to Get Licensed
The licensing process usually follows these steps:
- Complete an apprenticeship – It takes four to five years and is a requirement in most states.
- Apply for a journeyman license – After gaining enough experience, plumbers can apply for a journeyman-level license.
- Pass a State licensing exam – It covers plumbing codes, safety regulations, and trade skills.
- Obtain work experience – Some state require additional experience 1-2 years for master plumber status.
- Apply for a master plumber license (optional) – It varies by state. Master plumbers have more independence and can operate their own businesses.
Industry Certifications for Plumbers
Beyond state licenses, plumbers can earn industry certifications to expand their skills and increase job opportunities. Some of the most recognized certifications include:
- NITC (National Inspection Testing Certification) – Specializes in gas pipe fitting and medical gas systems.
- ASSE (American Society of Sanitary Engineering) Certification – Focuses on water safety and plumbing system design.
- PHCC (Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association) Certification – Helps plumbers advance their careers by providing specialized training.
Renewal & Continuing Education
Licenses and certifications aren’t permanent. Most states require license renewal every 1-3 years, along with continuing education courses to stay updated on new plumbing codes and technologies. Many plumbers take courses through professional organizations like the PHCC Educational Foundation or their local trade school.
Step 6: Gain Work Experience & Specialize
Once licensed, plumbers can start working in the field. Entry-level jobs provide experience and allow plumbers to develop specialized skills.
Entry-Level Job Opportunities
Newly licensed plumbers often start with jobs in residential plumbing, working for contractors or home service companies. These jobs involve common tasks like installing water heaters, repairing leaks, and maintaining sewer lines. Others may enter commercial plumbing, where they handle larger projects in office buildings, hotels, and shopping centers.
Many plumbers choose to work for an established business, while some take the self-employment route, offering freelance services. With experience, some move into project management roles, overseeing teams on large-scale jobs.
Choosing a Specialization
Plumbers can specialize in different areas depending on their interests and career goals. Some of the most popular specializations include:
- Pipefitting – Working with high-pressure steam and gas pipes in industrial settings.
- Steamfitting – Similar to pipefitting but focuses on steam distribution systems.
- Green Plumbing – Specializing in eco-friendly systems, such as solar water heating and water-efficient fixtures.
Each specialization requires additional training and, in some cases, extra certification.
Salary Growth Based on Experience & Specialization
Plumbers earn solid wages, but salaries increase with experience and specialization. A journeyman plumber earns an average of $50,000 to $60,000 per year, while master plumbers can make $75,000 to $100,000 or more, especially if they own a business. Specialized plumbers, such as steamfitters and green plumbing experts, can command even higher salaries due to the demand for their skills.
Over time, plumbers who gain enough experience can transition into supervisory roles, project management, or even teaching at trade schools. With continued learning and skill-building, the opportunities in plumbing are nearly limitless.
Step 7: Advance Your Career – Become a Master Plumber
After gaining experience as a journeyman plumber, advancing to a master plumber opens new doors in the plumbing industry. This progression enhances your skills and offers opportunities for higher earnings and business ownership.
Transitioning from Journeyman to Master Plumber
To become a master plumber, you typically need to:
- Accumulate Experience: Most states require a certain number of years working as a licensed journeyman. For instance, in Michigan, you must have at least 4,000 hours of experience over two years as a journeyman plumber. Resource: Next Insurance
- Complete Additional Training: Some regions mandate further education or specialized courses to ensure you’re up-to-date with advanced plumbing techniques and codes.
- Pass a Licensing Exam: Master plumber exams often cover complex topics, including advanced plumbing systems, local codes, and business regulations. Preparing thoroughly for this exam is crucial.
Benefits of Becoming a Master Plumber
Achieving master plumber status comes with several advantages:
- Higher Earnings: Master plumbers generally command higher salaries due to their expertise and the increased responsibilities they undertake.
- Business Ownership: With a master license, you’re authorized to start your own plumbing business, hire employees, and bid on larger projects, providing greater autonomy and potential profits.
- Professional Recognition: Holding a master plumber title signifies a high level of proficiency and dedication, earning respect among peers and clients.
Licensing Exam Requirements for Master Plumbers
Licensing requirements vary by state. Generally, to sit for the master plumber exam, you must:
- Meet Experience Thresholds: As mentioned, a common requirement is accumulating a specific number of hours as a journeyman.
- Submit Application and Fees: This includes providing proof of experience, any required educational certificates, and paying applicable fees.
- Pass the Examination: The exam tests knowledge of advanced plumbing practices, state and local codes, and sometimes business law.
For precise requirements, consult your state’s licensing board or refer to resources like the Next Insurance guide on plumber licensing requirements.
How Much Do Plumbers Earn? Salary Expectations
Salaries vary based on experience, location, and union affiliation.
Average U.S. Plumber Salaries
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of May 2023, the median annual wage for plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters was $61,550. This means half earned more, and half earned less.
Salary Variations by State and Experience Level
Plumber salaries differ across states. Factors influencing this include cost of living, demand for services, and regional economic conditions.
- Entry-Level Plumbers: Beginners can expect lower wages, which increase with experience. For example, an entry-level plumber earns an average of $52,000 annually. Resource: ServiceTitan
- Experienced Plumbers: Seasoned professionals, especially those with specialized skills, can earn significantly more. In some regions, senior plumbers make over $73,000 per year. Resource: Housecall Pro
For detailed state-by-state salary information, refer to this state-by-state guide.
Union vs. Non-Union Pay Differences
Union affiliation can impact earnings and benefits:
- Union Plumbers: Typically receive higher wages and comprehensive benefits. For instance, union plumbers have an average salary of $72,438 annually. Source: Indeed
- Non-Union Plumbers: May have lower base salaries but could receive other benefits like paid vacations. Compensation structures can vary widely based on the employer.
When evaluating job offers, consider factors beyond base pay, such as health benefits, job security, and working conditions.
Tools & Equipment Every Plumber Needs
Equipping yourself with the right tools is essential for a successful plumbing career. Investing in quality equipment ensures efficiency and safety on the job.
Essential Tools for Plumbers
Every plumber’s toolkit should include:
- Pipe Wrenches: For gripping and turning pipes.
- Plunger: A basic tool for clearing blockages.
- Pipe Cutters: To cut pipes cleanly and accurately.
- Plumber’s Tape (Teflon Tape): Ensures leak-proof seals on threaded pipe joints.
- Basin Wrench: Designed for tightening or loosening nuts in tight spaces, like under sinks.
- Augers (Drain Snakes): To clear stubborn clogs in drains and toilets.
- Safety Gear: Gloves, goggles, and knee pads to protect yourself during work.
Investment Costs for Beginners
Starting as a plumber requires an initial investment in tools. For beginners, acquiring a basic set of quality tools can cost between $500 to $1,000. As you advance, you may need specialized equipment, increasing your investment.
Recommended Brands & Starter Kits
While many reputable brands exist, some are renowned for their durability and performance:
- RIDGID: Known for robust pipe wrenches and cutters.
- Milwaukee: Offers a range of reliable power tools and hand tools.
- DeWalt: Provides durable cordless drills and related equipment.
Investing in starter kits from these brands can be cost-effective, which ensures you have essential tools to begin your career.
Final Words & Next Steps
Growing on a plumbing career demands dedication, training, and the right resources. Here’s a quick recap:
- Understand the Role: Familiarize yourself with the duties and responsibilities of a plumber.
- Obtain Necessary Education and Training: Enroll in accredited programs and complete required apprenticeships.
- Achieve Licensure: Pass relevant exams to become a licensed journeyman and, eventually, a master plumber.
- Equip Yourself: Invest in quality tools essential for the trade.
The plumbing profession offers stability, growth potential, and the satisfaction of solving critical problems. If you’re ready to take the plunge, consider exploring apprenticeship opportunities through platforms like Apprenticeship.gov or local trade schools. Your journey to a rewarding plumbing career starts now.
